Hom ntawm Aluminium Thiab Aluminium Alloys

Ntshiab aluminium

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntshiab aluminium yog nws qhov ntom ntom, uas yog 2.72g / cm³, tsuas yog ib feem peb ntawm qhov ntom ntawm hlau lossis tooj liab. Zoo conductivity thiab thermal conductivity, thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj thiab tooj liab. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm aluminium yog qhov nquag heev.

Hauv huab cua, Qhov saum npoo ntawm txhuas tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov pa oxygen los ua ib qho tuab Al2O3 tiv thaiv zaj duab xis, uas tiv thaiv ntxiv oxidation ntawm txhuas. Yog li ntawd, aluminium muaj qhov zoo corrosion kuj hauv huab cua thiab dej, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus acid, alkali, thiab ntsev corrosion.

Aluminium muaj lub ntsej muag nyob rau hauv qhov cubic lattice thiab zoo plasticity (d = 50%, ψ = 80%). Nws tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov profiles xws li cov xov hlau, daim hlau, strips, thiab cov kav dej txias los yog kub siab, tab sis nws lub zog tsis siab, σb 80 MPa， Tom qab txias ua, s ib(150～ 250)MPa。 Yog li cov ntshiab aluminium feem ntau yog siv los ua cov xov hlau, kab, cua sov dab dej, thiab cov khoom siv niaj hnub los yog alloys uas yuav tsum tau xeb thiab corrosion kuj tab sis tsis tshua muaj zog yuav tsum tau.

Kev lag luam purity aluminium tsis yog ntshiab li tshuaj purity txhuas, raws li nws muaj impurities xws li Fe, Thiab, lwm. mus rau qib sib txawv. Qhov ntau impurities muaj nyob rau hauv aluminium, qis nws conductivity, thermal conductivity, tiv thaiv atmospheric corrosion, thiab plasticity.

Cov qib ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab txhuas hauv peb lub teb chaws yog tsim raws li qhov txwv ntawm impurities, zoo l1l2、L3……。 L yog thawj Suav Pinyin cim rau “aluminium”, thiab qhov siab dua tus lej txuas tom qab nws, qis nws purity.

Aluminium alloy

Ntshiab aluminium muaj zog tsawg thiab tsis haum raws li cov khoom siv. Txhawm rau txhim kho nws lub zog, txoj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog ntxiv cov ntsiab lus alloying xws li Si, Cu, Mg, Mn, lwm. los ua aluminium alloy (aerolite). Cov aluminium alloys muaj lub zog siab, tab sis tseem muaj tsawg ceev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog tshwj xeeb (i.e. qhov piv ntawm lub zog txwv rau qhov ntom ntom), Raws li zoo thermal conductivity thiab corrosion kuj.

Classification ntawm Aluminium Alloys

Raws li qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm aluminium alloys, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: deformed aluminium alloys thiab nrum aluminium alloys.
Thaum muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov alloy tsawg dua D / point, nws tuaj yeem tsim ib qho kev daws teeb meem ib zaug thaum rhuab, nrog zoo plasticity thiab haum rau kev ua haujlwm siab, li no nws yog hu ua deformed aluminium alloy.

Aluminium alloys nrog ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg me tshaj F-point nyob rau hauv deformation, nws cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tsis hloov nrog qhov kub thiab tsis tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov, yog hu ua kev kho cua sov unreinforced aluminium alloys; Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm F thiab D /, nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg hloov nrog kub, tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov, li no nws yog hu ua aluminium alloy uas tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov.

Alloys nrog ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg ntau dua D / point, tsawg melting point eutectic qauv, zoo flowability, haum rau casting, yog hu ua cam khwb cia txhuas alloys, tab sis tsis haum rau kev ua haujlwm siab.

Deformable aluminium alloys kuj tuaj yeem muab faib ua xeb pov thawj aluminium, nyuaj aluminium, ultra nyuaj aluminium, thiab forged aluminium raws li lawv cov kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb.
Casting aluminium alloys kuj tuaj yeem raug cais raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying: Yog lawm, Al Cu, Al Mg, Al Zn, lwm.

Kev kho cua sov cov yam ntxwv ntawm aluminium alloy

Aluminium alloys tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv lub zog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias deformation hardening, tab sis kuj ntxiv txhim kho lawv lub zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov – “hnub nyoog hardening” txoj kev.
Kev kho cua sov mechanism ntawm aluminium alloy yog txawv ntawm cov hlau. Tom qab quenching, lub hardness thiab lub zog ntawm steel tam sim ntawd nce, thaum lub plasticity txo. Aluminium alloys nrog cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm F thiab D / tuaj yeem ua kom sov rau thaj tsam alpha, rwb thaiv tsev, thiab quenched los ntawm dej txias kom tau supersaturated alpha khoom daws nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Lawv lub zog thiab hardness tsis tuaj yeem nce tam sim ntawd, tab sis lawv cov plasticity tau txhim kho zoo heev. Cov txheej txheem no yog hu ua quenching lossis kev daws teeb meem.

Vim lub instability ntawm supersaturated khoom daws tau tom qab quenching, muaj ib tug nyiam los nag rau theem ob (ntxiv dag zog rau theem). Tom qab muab tso rau ntawm chav tsev kub rau ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm los yog rhuab ntawm tsawg kub, atoms muaj peev xwm txav mus rau hauv lub lattice thiab maj mam hloov mus rau lub xeev ruaj khov, ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv lub zog thiab hardness, thaum plasticity txo. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog ntawm cov hlau tom qab cov khoom siv kho mob lub sijhawm hu ua “hnub nyoog hardening” los yog “hnub nyoog hardening”. Cov txheej txheem kev laus nqa tawm ntawm chav tsev kub yog hu ua natural aging, thaum cov txheej txheem kev laus ua raws li cov cua sov yog hu ua kev laus laus.

Deformable aluminium alloy

1. Anti xeb aluminium alloy

Lub ntsiab alloying ntsiab yog Mn thiab Mg. Hom alloy no yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem ib zaug tom qab forging thiab annealing, yog li nws muaj zoo corrosion kuj thiab plasticity. Cov qib xeb pov thawj aluminium yog sawv cev los ntawm Suav Pinyin prefix “LF” ua raws li tus lej sib npaug. Zoo li LF5, LF 11, LF 21, lwm. Hom alloy no tsuas yog siv rau dov, vuam, los yog corrosion-resistant structural Cheebtsam nrog tsawg loads, xws li cov roj tank, cev, cov hlau, lub teeb load skeletons, thiab ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev. Txhua yam kev tiv thaiv xeb aluminium alloys yog aluminium alloys uas tsis tuaj yeem muaj zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov alloy, Kev ua haujlwm txias txias tuaj yeem siv tau, uas tuaj yeem tsim ua haujlwm hardening.

2. Hard aluminium alloy

Duraluminium yog ib qho Al Cu Mg alloy nrog me me ntawm Mn. Ntau hom duralumins tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev laus, tab sis lawv cov corrosion kuj tsis zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Yog li ntawd, hard aluminium Cheebtsam uas yuav tsum tau kev tiv thaiv yog qhwv nrog high-purity txhuas nyob rau sab nraum ua txhuas coated hard aluminium cov ntaub ntawv. Cov qib nyuaj aluminium siv Suav Pinyin ua ntej “LY” ua raws li tus lej sib npaug, xws li LY1 (rivet nyuaj aluminium), LOJ 11 (txheem hard aluminium), thiab LY12 (high-zog hard aluminium).
Hard aluminium yog cov khoom siv nrog lub zog tshwj xeeb, uas tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam aviation thiab cov cuab yeej tsim khoom.

3. Super hard aluminium alloy (SD hlau)

Nws yog Al Cu Mg Zn alloy, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv Zn rau tawv txhuas. Hom alloy tam sim no yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws aluminium alloy, nrog lub zog tshwj xeeb dua, li no nws yog hu ua superhard aluminium. Qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tsis zoo corrosion kuj, uas tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj qhov kub nyhiab los yog txheej txheej aluminium.
Qib ntawm ultra hard aluminium alloy yog sawv cev los ntawm Suav Pinyin prefix “LC” ua raws li tus lej sib npaug. LC4, LC 6, lwm. feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb nrog kev ntxhov siab, xws li aircraft beams.

4. Forged aluminium alloy

Nws yog Al Cu Mg Si alloy nrog ntau yam alloying ntsiab, tab sis cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus yog qhov tsawg, yog li nws muaj zoo thermoplastic thiab corrosion kuj, thiab nws lub zog yog piv rau cov tawv aluminium. Tom qab quenching thiab aging, lub zog tuaj yeem txhim kho.
Qib ntawm forged aluminium alloy yog sawv cev los ntawm Suav Pinyin prefix “LD” ua raws li tus lej sib npaug, zoo LD5, LD 7, lwm. Vim nws zoo heev forging kev ua tau zoo, Nws yog tsuas yog siv rau forging los yog forging qhov chaw uas ris hnyav loads ntawm aircraft los yog diesel locomotives.

Casting aluminium alloy

Muaj ntau hom cam khwb cia aluminium alloys, ntawm cov aluminium silicon alloys muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo casting, muaj zog txaus, thiab tsawg ceev, thiab tau siv dav, accounting rau ntau tshaj 50% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cam khwb cia aluminium alloys. Al Si alloys muaj Si (10-13)% yog cov feem ntau raug txhuas silicon alloys, teej tug mus rau eutectic muaj pes tsawg leeg, nquag hu ua “silicon aluminium alloys”.

Qib ntawm cam khwb cia aluminium alloy yog sawv cev los ntawm Suav Pinyin prefix “Z”+Al + lwm cov cim tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov lus “pov tseg”. Piv txwv li, ZAlSi12 sawv cev rau cam khwb cia Al Si alloy muaj 12% Thiab.

Cov cai rau cov hlau yog sawv cev los ntawm Suav Pinyin ua ntej “ZL” ntawm “cam khwb cia aluminium” ua raws li peb tus lej. Thawj tus lej sawv cev rau qeb alloy, thaum tus lej thib ob thiab thib peb qhia txog tus lej ntawm cov alloy.

Piv txwv ZL102 sawv cev rau cov txhuas alloy ntawm Al Si series No. 2.
Casting aluminium alloy feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov khoom uas sib sib zog nqus, corrosion-resistant, muaj cov duab complex, thiab muaj qee yam khoom siv kho tshuab. Xws li aluminium pistons, ntsuas vaj tse, dej-txias cav lub tog raj kheej Cheebtsam, crankcases, lwm.